Over time, the most tangible manifestation of this disorder is tooth wear. The surfaces of the teeth gradually flatten, increasing sensitivity to stimuli such as cold, hot, or sweet foods. In more advanced cases, bruxism can even lead to cracks or breaks, compromising the structural integrity of the teeth.

The consequences of bruxism

Bruxism can have a significant impact on oral health. Premature wear of tooth enamel is a common consequence, which can lead to increased sensitivity and aesthetic problems. Increased tooth sensitivity is often due to exposure of the underlying dentin. In more severe cases, tooth fractures can occur, ranging from simple cracks to complete fractures requiring extensive treatment. The mechanical stress exerted by bruxism can also lead to gum recession, and in more severe cases, long-term tooth loss.

The effects of bruxism are not limited to oral health. This disorder can also have a significant impact on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Patients may experience chronic joint pain if bruxism is left untreated. Restricted jaw movement is another common consequence, reducing the ability to fully open the mouth. Clicking or crackling sounds when opening the mouth are signs of TMJ dysfunction, and displacement of the joint disc can lead to jaw locks.

In addition, bruxism can affect patients' quality of life. Sleep disturbances are common, with bruxism disrupting the sleep cycle and leading to fatigue and daytime sleepiness. Chronic headaches , often described as a feeling of tension in the temporal region, are also common. Facial and neck pain can extend to the shoulders and upper back, and the impact on social and professional life can be significant, with chronic daily pain and fatigue affecting performance and interpersonal relationships.

Diagnosis of bruxism

Diagnosis of bruxism is based primarily on a clinical examination . The dentist looks for signs of dental wear, including characteristic wear facets on the teeth, and palpates the masticatory muscles to detect hypertrophy or abnormal sensitivity. Evaluation of the temporomandibular joint is also essential, looking for pain, joint noises, or limitations in movement .

Additional diagnostic tools may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Specific questionnaires assess sleep habits and symptoms associated with bruxism. Polysomnographic recordings, considered the gold standard for diagnosing nocturnal bruxism, measure masticatory muscle activity during sleep. Electromyography of the masticatory muscles can also be used to quantify muscle activity during the day or night.

Conclusion

Bruxism, although often underestimated, can have significant consequences on oral health and quality of life. Early and appropriate management, combining different therapeutic approaches, is essential to limit its harmful effects. Technological advances and ongoing research offer promising new perspectives for people suffering from this disorder.

It is crucial for people who suspect they have bruxism to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan. Collaboration between dentists, sleep physicians, and other specialists is often necessary for optimal management of this complex disorder.

References:

Manfredini, D., Winocur, E., Guarda-Nardini, L., Paesani, D., & Lobbezoo, F. (2013). Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of orofacial pain, 27(2), 99-110.

Lobbezoo, F., Ahlberg, J., Glaros, AG, Kato, T., Koyano, K., Lavigne, GJ, ... & Winocur, E. (2013). Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 40(1), 2-4.

Lavigne, G.J., Khoury, S., Abe, S., Yamaguchi, T., & Raphael, K. (2008). Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 35(7), 476-494.